Sunday, June 6, 2021

Chapter 8 Thinking And Language Test Answers


  • Creativity The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way. Characterized by originality, fluency, and flexibility. Divergent thinking Type of thinking where many possibilities are developed from a single starting point. Investment theory...
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  • Motivation- Sufficient motivation to accomplish the task and more internal than external motivation. Environment- an environment that supports creativity Language Form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules....
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  • There are three types of thinking: convergent, divergent, and metacognitive. How do you know a sign warns of danger even though you don't read Turkish? Reading Check Identify What are three basic elements related to thinking? Reading Check Contrast In what ways are the three ways of thinking different? How much of our thinking is done consciously? Do we really think about every single thing we do? Do we deliberately make choices in all our actions? Current research indicates that the answer is no. Hassin, et. How did your behavior at that time reflect the theory about automatic thought? Problem Solving Main Idea Solving problems can be done in logical and planned ways to achieve the best results. How do you pick up a ship?
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  • Reading Check Describe What are some methods for solving problems creatively? There are two main types of reasoning: deductive and inductive. Reasoning and Decision Making Main Idea Deductive and inductive reasoning are used in the decision-making process. Various strategies can help us make decisions. How does a pitcher make quick decisions? There are two main types of reasoning: deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Reading Check Identify What is one problem with using deductive reasoning?
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  • One piece of evidence is that we can replace this set of words. The students saw them after class. Then we ask ourselves whether the resulting sentence is grammatical. Replacing their friends with them does indeed leave us with a grammatical sentence, which is one piece of evidence that their friends is a constituent. If we replace that set of words with the word then: The students saw their friends after class. The students saw their friends then.
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  • And when we observe our grammaticality judgment, it turns out that this replacement is also grammatical. We can do the same thing with the string the students. Replace that string with the pronoun they: The students saw their friends after class. They saw their friends after class. And observe our grammaticality judgment, and we find evidence that the students is a constituent as well. The students saw their friends after class. We can try lots of replacements, but when we ask ourselves whether the result is grammatical, the answer is No. The fact that nothing can replace that string of words suggests that students saw their is not a constituent in this sentence.
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  • Here are some handy tips: Noun Phrases can be replaced with Pronouns it, them, they. Verb Phrases can be replaced with do or do so or did, does, doing. Some Preposition Phrases but not all can be replaced with then or there. Adjective Phrases can be replaced with something that you know to be an adjective, such as happy. The students did after class. This replacement is grammatical, so that provides us with some evidence that the set of words saw their friends is indeed a constituent. The parts that allow themselves to be replaced, that is, the parts that can be replaced and still leave a grammatical sentence are constituents, and those parts will be joined under one node.
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  • Movement Test Replacement is not the only tool we have for checking if a set of words is a constituent. Some constituents can be moved to somewhere else in the sentence without changing its meaning or its grammaticality. Preposition Phrases are especially good at being moved. Look at this sentence: Nimra bought a top from that strange little shop. Move the string of words then ask yourself whether the resulting sentence is grammatical. Nimra bought a top from that strange little shop. From that strange little shop Nimra bought a top. Yes, it is. If we try to move that string to the beginning of the sentence, the result is a total disaster. The fact that the resulting sentence is totally ungrammatical gives us evidence that the string of words from that strange is not a constituent in this sentence.
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  • It was from that strange little shop that Nimra bought a top. It was their friends that the students saw after class. It was after class that the students saw their friends. All of these applications of the cleft test result in totally ungrammatical sentences, which gives us evidence that those underlined strings of words are not constituents in this sentence. These delicious cookies. Who baked these delicious cookies? The answer-to-questions test can also help us identify a verb phrase using do-replacement: Who baked these delicious cookies? Again, if a string of words is not a constituent, then it is unlikely to be grammatical as the answer to a question. These four tests are tools that we have for observing how words behave in sentences. If we discover a string of words that passes these tests, then we know that the phrase is a constituent, and therefore there should be one node that is the mother to that entire string of words in our tree diagram.
    Link: https://ielts-mentor.com/reading-sample/gt-reading?sa=U&usg=AFQjCNGf3NhCpTrmyx_AoLRWn65xAsH9xA&ved=0ahUKEwi_rN_FoO7VAhVE7YMKHTNMAh4QFggqMAM&start=30
  • Skip Next Multiple Choice 1. Why do cognitive psychologists seldom rely on asking people to describe their thought processes? Asking people about their thought processes would violate privacy laws. It is easier to measure reaction times. Cognitive psychologists are interested mainly in preverbal children. A psychologist asks which of these faces looks more attractive, and then asks why this face is more attractive, while showing the face the person had not chosen. What usually happens? The person notices the switch and reports choosing the other face. The person accepts the switch but cannot think of a reason for choosing this face. The person accepts the switch and offers only a vague explanation for choosing this face. The person accepts the switch and offers a specific explanation for choosing this face. Making a choice without knowing the alternatives b.
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  • Making a choice while knowing the alternatives but not considering them seriously c. Making a choice and sticking with it despite evidence against it d. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 a. People avoid listening to evidence that disagrees with something they chose. People prefer to choose something different from what other people chose. People often debate the possibilities so long that they make no choice at all. The reason people give for a decision may have been made up afterward. After people have made a decision, they do not want to hear additional information. People who listen to too much advice have trouble making a decision. A decision that someone makes quickly is as good as one based on deliberation. You are asked whether a drawing of one object could be rotated to match another one.
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  • Your delay is shorter if you report higher self-esteem. Your delay is shorter if you have had extensive musical training. Your delay is proportional to how far one object must rotate to match the other. Your delay is proportional to the size of the objects compared to the size of your hand. When people look at unfamiliar objects, their accuracy on this question decreases. While people think about the problem, their hands move as if moving something. Page 2 c. While people think about the problem, their eyes move as if watching something. The delay of response is proportional to the angular distance of rotation. You are to answer whether one object could be rotated until it matches another object.
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  • What directs your attention? A top-down process b. An attentive process c. A preattentive process d. A yellow book on a shelf of otherwise black books b. A book that someone dropped, that hit you on your foot c. A very large book among several small books d. A large bear that is charging directly at you b. A well-camouflaged animal in the forest c. A wolf that howls loudly d. Your own car in a crowded parking lot b. A car in the parking lot that has two Zs on its license plate c. The most typical, average car in the parking lot d. If you want to design the control panel of a car so that a driver immediately notices a danger indicator, you want the driver to find the signal by what kind of process? An attentive process b. A preattentive process c. If you find something by a preattentive process, which of the following is true? It gains your attention slowly and gradually.
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  • It is similar to many other objects in the display. You find it as fast among many other objects as among a few. You find it by a top-down process. In a field of brown bushes, by what type of process would you find a motionless brown rabbit? Page 6 a. A maximizing process b. A bottom-up process c. An attentive process d. Noticing the only incomplete sentence in an essay you wrote b. Noticing the one answer on your test paper that the professor circled in red c. Noticing an animal that starts to move d. For an instant after attending to something, we often overlook something else. An explanation for making some choice is often made up later. It is easy to fail to notice something changing, if we were attending to something else.
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  • It is often easier to read a word than to say the color of the ink. If the name of a color is written in a different color, you find it easier to read the word than to name the color of ink. What is the name of this phenomenon? Stroop effect b. Attentional blink c. Availability heuristic Copyright Cengage Learning. Page 7 d. Which of these is an example of the Stroop effect? If you can easily think of several examples of some item, you assume the item is common. When you explain why you made some choice, you often make up your answer afterward.
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  • According to the Stroop effect, which of the following is difficult? It is difficult to perform two complex tasks at the same time. It is difficult to choose a larger reward later instead of a smaller reward immediately. It is difficult to notice something that changes in a scene, if it changes slowly.
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  • The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. Artificial Intelligence AI A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people. Thinking The mental process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively. Concept A mental category that is used to group object, events and characteristics. Prototype model A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item s in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that items properties.
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  • Problem solving The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available. Subgoals Intermediate goals or intermediate problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution Algorithms Strategies-including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions that guarantee a solution to a problem. Heuristics Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer.
    Link: https://brainly.in/question/13936964
  • Fixation Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective. Functional Fixedness Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a things usual functions. Reasoning The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions inductive Reasoning Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations. Deductive reasoning Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance. Decision Making The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them. Confirmation Bias The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them. Hindsight Bias The tendency to report falsely after the fact that we accurately predicted an outcome. Availability Heuristic A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.
    Link: http://upload.sekoia.fr/cgi/viewcontent.php?article=ccna.4.exam.answers.2012&context=libpubs
  • Base Rate Fallacy The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate and information. Mindfulness The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities. Open-Mindedness The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things. Creativity The ability to think about something in novel and unusual way and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.
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  • Never having seen one before she tried to make it move the same way she rides her bicycle. Her ability to modify her actions to ride her new toy is an example of: A. She is relying on what she already knows about playing the clarinet to learn the new instrument. This is an example of: A. Ethiopians who migrated to Israel B.
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