Saturday, June 5, 2021

Cutty Sark The Fastest Sailing Ship Reading Answer


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  • The nineteenth century was a period of great technological development in britain and for shipping. The fastest commercial sailing vessels of all time were the clippers three masted ships built to transport goods around the world although some also took passengers. You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 1 13 which are based on reading passage 1 below. The title of the passage is cutty sark. False given name poem. The fastest sailing ship of all time questions 1 8. Reading passage 1 cutty sark. Cambridge ielts 13 reading test4 1 cutty sark. In this ielts reading post we are going to deal with the best solutions of ielts cambridge 13 reading test 4 passage 1.
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  • She returned laden with tea, making the journey back to London in four months. However, Cutty Sark never lived up to the high expectations of her owner, as a result of bad winds and various misfortunes. On one occasion, in , the ship and a rival clipper, Thermopylae, left port in China on the same day. Crossing the Indian Ocean, Cutty Sark gained a lead of over miles, but then her rudder was severely damaged in stormy seas, making her impossible to steer.
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  • Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae. Steam ships posed a growing threat to clippers, as their speed and cargo capacity increased. In addition, the opening of the Suez Canal in , the same year that Cutty Sark was launched, had a serious impact. While steam ships could make use of the quick, direct route between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the canal was of no use to sailing ships, which needed the much stronger winds of the oceans, and so had to sail a far greater distance.
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  • Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months. He was suspended from service, and a new captain appointed. One such journey took just under 12 weeks, beating every other ship sailing that year by around a month. As a sailing ship, Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere, and Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America. His gamble paid off, though, and the ship was the fastest vessel in the wool trade for ten years.
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  • As competition from steam ships increased in the s, and Cutty Sark approached the end of her life expectancy, she became less profitable. She was sold to a Portuguese firm, which renamed her Ferreira. For the next 25 years, she again carried miscellaneous cargoes around the world. Badly damaged in a gale in , she was put into Falmouth harbor in southwest England, for repairs. Wilfred Dowman, a retired sea captain who owned a training vessel, recognised her and tried to buy her, but without success.
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  • She returned to Portugal and was sold to another Portuguese company. Dowman was determined, however, and offered a high price: this was accepted, and the ship returned to Falmouth the following year and had her original name restored. Dowman used Cutty Sark as a training ship, and she continued in this role after his death. When she was no longer required, in , she was transferred to dry dock at Greenwich to go on public display. The ship suffered from fire in , and again, less seriously, in , but now Cutty Sark attracts a quarter of a million visitors a year. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has grown.
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  • A single gram of healthy soil might contain million bacteria, as well as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and various minerals. That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of nearly all our existing antibiotics, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. C If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the microorganisms that give it its special properties will be lost. And once this has happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover. Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil.
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  • Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile. In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a season. D But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines. A solution came in the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate.
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  • Farmers have been putting this synthetic fertiliser on their fields ever since. Chemical fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it acidic and salty, and degrading the soil they are supposed to nourish. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. The few plants that grew in the control plots, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak F However, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem.
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  • To assess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil. Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lad analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil. Within the next four years, they aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of metres, with the results freely accessible to all. G But this is only a first step. We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, Canada.
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  • Like the idea of carbon neutrality, it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action. For soils on the brink, that may be too late. Several researchers are agitating for the immediate creation of protected zones for endangered soils. One difficulty here is defining what these areas should conserve: areas where the greatest soil diversity is present? Or areas of unspoilt soils that could act as a future benchmark of quality? Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now.
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  • You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology — a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured — can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past.
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  • It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction.
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  • Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer.
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  • Dryden , the English poet, used the word "clip" to describe the swift flight of a falcon in the 17th century when he said "And, with her eagerness the quarry missed, Straight flies at check, and clips it down the wind. The term "clip" became synonymous with "speed" and was also applied to fast horses and sailing ships. The Baltimore Clipper was in use over the last quarter of the 18th century through to the first half of the 19th century, but under a different name for much of that time. At first, these vessels were referred to as "Virginia-built" or "pilot-boat model"—with the name "Baltimore-built" appearing during the War of It was not until the final days of the slave trade c. The retrospective application of the word "clipper" to this type has been a source of confusion.
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