Monday, June 7, 2021

Test Unit 1 Health Care Systems Answers


  • Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer. If you discover during your initial evaluation that your client has rotator cuff tendinitis, what should you do? Advise the client get clearance from their primary care physician before beginning a...
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  • Medical clearance to begin a structured exercise program is not necessary for this condition. Treating the musculoskeletal pathology is outside of the scope of practice of a personal trainer and should be instead left to a physical therapist....
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  • Which one is not a part of the assessment? Body Composition c. Strength d. That is the job of a Registered Dietician. Assess body composition, strength, and flexibility instead. These metrics are in line with your training and education. A young man is just beginning a strength training routine and has hired you as his trainer. Listed below are some generic strength training guidelines. Determine which of them is inappropriate for a beginner. Train each muscle group at least days a week b. Do 3 sets of reps for each exercise c. Select exercises to work each of the six major muscle groups d. Work each muscle group through its full range of motion According to the FITT principle, training the full body x per week is appropriate for a novice trainee.
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  • In order to prevent reductions in functional range of motion through resistance training, it is important that each repetition be performed through the entirety of a joint's range of motion. However, performing 3 sets of reps would mean that repetitions are prescribed in both the hypertrophy and endurance training paradigms. One training day should not focus on multiple training goals when working with a beginner, given undulating periodization is an advanced programming technique. A young woman has engaged you as her trainer. She is in her early 20s, appears to be very fit, is within her proper weight range and has no known health concerns. Given all of this, what is the very first thing you should do? Get her to sign a contract b. Find her BMI c. Perform a total fitness assessment d.
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  • Discuss and have her sign an informed consent It is important when onboarding a new client to cover liability, potential risks and have the client sign an informed consent. Even if working within the scope of your education and covered under liability insurance, having documented proof that the client is aware of potential risks can later protect you if you are ever sued. Do not provide health or fitness advice until after you are completely covered, for your own protection. Skeletal muscle consists of two main types of muscle fibers. Which of these muscle fibers are the largest and fastest? Type I c. Type IIx d. Formally referred to as type IIb fibers in humans, these fibers produce the most force per contractile unit and tend to have greater cross sectional area. The aerobic system is the fastest way for the human body to generate energy. The anaerobic pathway is most heavily relied on when undergoing heavy resistance training or sprinting.
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  • Which of the following is not considered a monosaccharide? Fructose c. Galactose d. Sucrose Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by the binding of two glucose molecules as a polymer. The other three options are all monosaccharides, meaning they are carbohydrates that consist of one isomer. What is considered to be the average approximate resting heart rate for both men and women? Subcutaneous fat is stored under the skin. True False Subcutaneous fat is stored under the skin and is not prevalent at the layer of the visceral tissue and major organs of the body. Visceral fat is the type of fat that exists at the organ level. Name the six essential nutrients the human body must have to be healthy. Fat, Protein, Sugar, Meat, Vegetables, Water Protein, carbohydrates and fat are all three essential dietary macronutrients that contain calories.
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  • This is especially true prior to beginning an aerobic activity bout given glucose will be predominantly used as fuel. In the case that exercise results in dangerous blood glucose levels, it is important to keep a carbohydrate rich snack nearby with a high GI index. Which of the following is not a complex carbohydrate? Brown Rice.
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  • A health insurance policy is: A contract between an insurance provider e. The contract can be renewable annually, monthly or lifelong in the case of private insurance. It can also be mandatory for all citizens in the case of national plans. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health insurance provider are specified in writing, in a member contract or "Evidence of Coverage" booklet for private insurance, or in a national [health policy] for public insurance. US specific In the U. The company generally advertises that they have one of the big insurance companies. However, in an ERISA case, that insurance company "doesn't engage in the act of insurance", they just administer it.
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  • An appeal must go through the insurance company, then to the Employer's Plan Fiduciary. The individual insured person's obligations may take several forms:[ citation needed ] Premium: The amount the policy-holder or their sponsor e. US specific According to the healthcare law, a premium is calculated using 5 specific factors regarding the insured person.
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  • These factors are age, location, tobacco use, individual vs. It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the insured person reaches the deductible and the insurance company starts to pay for care. Furthermore, most policies do not apply co-pays for doctor's visits or prescriptions against your deductible. Co-payment : The amount that the insured person must pay out of pocket before the health insurer pays for a particular visit or service. A co-payment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained. Coinsurance : Instead of, or in addition to, paying a fixed amount up front a co-payment , the co-insurance is a percentage of the total cost that insured person may also pay. If there is an upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder could end up owing very little, or a great deal, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain. Exclusions: Not all services are covered. Billed items like use-and-throw, taxes, etc.
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  • The insured are generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pockets. Coverage limits: Some health insurance policies only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount. The insured person may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service. In addition, some insurance company schemes have annual or lifetime coverage maxima. In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs. Out-of-pocket maximum: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the insured person's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and health insurance pays all further covered costs. Out-of-pocket maximum can be limited to a specific benefit category such as prescription drugs or can apply to all coverage provided during a specific benefit year.
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  • Capitation : An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer. In-Network Provider: U. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or co-payments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers. Out-of-Network Provider: A health care provider that has not contracted with the plan. If using an out-of-network provider, the patient may have to pay full cost of the benefits and services received from that provider. Even for emergency services, out-of-network providers may bill patients for some additional costs associated.
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  • Prior Authorization: A certification or authorization that an insurer provides prior to medical service occurring. Obtaining an authorization means that the insurer is obligated to pay for the service, assuming it matches what was authorized. Many smaller, routine services do not require authorization. Patients are rarely notified of the cost of emergency room services in-person due to patient conditions and other logistics until receipt of this letter. In the U. For example, in the province of Quebec, Canada, prescription drug insurance is universally required as part of the public health insurance plan, but may be purchased and administered either through private or group plans, or through the public plan. The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee.
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  • The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges. It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network provider. Its study found that, although the U. Life Expectancy of the total population at birth from until among several OECD member nations.
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  • The private health system is funded by a number of private health insurance organizations. The largest of these is Medibank Private Limited , which was, until , a government-owned entity, when it was privatized and listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. Some, such as Police Health, have membership restricted to particular groups, but the majority have open membership. Membership to most health funds is now also available through comparison websites. These comparison sites operate on a commission-basis by agreement with their participating health funds. The Private Health Insurance Ombudsman also operates a free website that allows consumers to search for and compare private health insurers' products, which includes information on price and level of cover. Complaints and reporting of the private health industry is carried out by an independent government agency, the Private Health Insurance Ombudsman. The ombudsman publishes an annual report that outlines the number and nature of complaints per health fund compared to their market share [15] The private health system in Australia operates on a "community rating" basis, whereby premiums do not vary solely because of a person's previous medical history, current state of health, or generally speaking their age but see Lifetime Health Cover below.
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  • Balancing this are waiting periods, in particular for pre-existing conditions usually referred to within the industry as PEA, which stands for "pre-existing ailment". Funds are entitled to impose a waiting period of up to 12 months on benefits for any medical condition the signs and symptoms of which existed during the six months ending on the day the person first took out insurance. They are also entitled to impose a month waiting period for benefits for treatment relating to an obstetric condition, and a 2-month waiting period for all other benefits when a person first takes out private insurance.
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  • Funds have the discretion to reduce or remove such waiting periods in individual cases. They are also free not to impose them to begin with, but this would place such a fund at risk of "adverse selection", attracting a disproportionate number of members from other funds, or from the pool of intending members who might otherwise have joined other funds. It would also attract people with existing medical conditions, who might not otherwise have taken out insurance at all because of the denial of benefits for 12 months due to the PEA Rule.
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  • The benefits paid out for these conditions would create pressure on premiums for all the fund's members, causing some to drop their membership, which would lead to further rises in premiums, and a vicious cycle of higher premiums-leaving members would ensue. Thus, a person taking out private cover for the first time at age 40 will pay a 20 percent loading. The loading is removed after 10 years of continuous hospital cover. The loading applies only to premiums for hospital cover, not to ancillary extras cover.
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  • Other commentators believe the effect will be minimal. The Rudd Government announced in May that as of July , the Rebate would become means-tested, and offered on a sliding scale. While this move which would have required legislation was defeated in the Senate at the time, in early the Gillard Government announced plans to reintroduce the legislation after the Opposition loses the balance of power in the Senate. The ALP and Greens have long been against the rebate, referring to it as "middle-class welfare". Consequently, each province administers its own health insurance program. The federal government influences health insurance by virtue of its fiscal powers — it transfers cash and tax points to the provinces to help cover the costs of the universal health insurance programs. Under the Canada Health Act , the federal government mandates and enforces the requirement that all people have free access to what are termed "medically necessary services," defined primarily as care delivered by physicians or in hospitals, and the nursing component of long-term residential care.
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  • If provinces allow doctors or institutions to charge patients for medically necessary services, the federal government reduces its payments to the provinces by the amount of the prohibited charges. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. Private health insurance is allowed, but in six provincial governments only for services that the public health plans do not cover for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans. Four provinces allow insurance for services also mandated by the Canada Health Act, but in practice, there is no market for it. All Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures.
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  • Quebec , that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan violated the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and in particular the sections dealing with the right to life and security , if there were unacceptably long wait times for treatment, as was alleged in this case. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada, but has spurred on attempts to tackle the core issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.
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  • The evidence-based approach that is currently practiced in medicine is suggested to be merged with the practice-based medicine to achieve better outcomes for patients. As CEO of California-based cognitive computing firm Apixio, Darren Schutle, explains that the care can be better fitted to the patient if the data could be collected from various medical records , merged, and analyzed. Further, the combination of similar profiles can serve as a basis for personalized medicine pointing to what works and what does not for certain condition Marr, Currently, the most vigorous area of using genomics is oncology. The identification of genomic sequencing of cancer may define reasons of drug s sensitivity and resistance during oncological treatment processes. The company that performs the majority of testing is called 23andMe.
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  • Utilizing genetic testing in health care raises many ethical, legal and social concerns; one of the main questions is whether the health care providers are ready to include patient-supplied genomic information while providing care that is unbiased despite the intimate genomic knowledge and a high quality. The documented examples of incorporating such information into a health care delivery showed both positive and negative impacts on the overall health care related outcomes.
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  • In , Gustav Wagner established the first professional organization for informatics in Germany. The prehistory, history, and future of medical information and health information technology are discussed in reference. Medical informatics research units began to appear during the s in Poland and in the U. Early names for health informatics included medical computing, biomedical computing, medical computer science, computer medicine, medical electronic data processing, medical automatic data processing, medical information processing, medical information science, medical software engineering, and medical computer technology.
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  • These constituencies accommodate professionals in and for the NHS, in academia and commercial service and solution providers. In the United States[ edit ] Even though the idea of using computers in medicine emerged as technology advanced in the early 20th century, it was not until the s that informatics began to have an effect in the United States. Lusted published "Reasoning Foundations of Medical Diagnosis," a widely read article in Science , which introduced computing especially operations research techniques to medical workers.
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  • Ledley and Lusted's article has remained influential for decades, especially within the field of medical decision making. A study co-author was Dean of the Marquette University College of Engineering; this work led to discrete Biomedical Engineering departments there and elsewhere. As of [update] , a descendant of this system is being used in the United States Veterans Affairs hospital system. The VA has the largest enterprise-wide health information system that includes an electronic medical record , known as the Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture VistA. A graphical user interface known as the Computerized Patient Record System CPRS allows health care providers to review and update a patient's electronic medical record at any of the VA's over 1, health care facilities.
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  • During the s, Morris Collen, a physician working for Kaiser Permanente 's Division of Research, developed computerized systems to automate many aspects of multi-phased health checkups. These systems became the basis the larger medical databases Kaiser Permanente developed during the s and s. Although many products exist, only a small number of health practitioners use fully featured electronic health care records systems. In , Warner V. Slack, MD, and Howard L. Warner Slack is a pioneer of the development of the electronic patient medical history, [49] and in Dr. Bleich created the first user-friendly search engine for the worlds biomedical literature. Slack and Dr. Bleich were awarded the Morris F. Collen Award for their pioneering contributions to medical informatics.
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